Surya Siddhanta
A1000 Plus Year Old Hindu Text Book of Astronomy
A Description of the Solar Eclipse Calculation
Three different methods of calculation were in use in India at the time when Buddha lived, and they are still in use in different parts of the country. These methods are known as Sauramanam, Chandramanam and Barhaspatyamanam.
According to the Hindu works on Astronomy a Sauramanam year consists of 365 days, 15 ghadias and 31 vighadias; a Chandramanam year has 360 days, and a year on the basis of Barhaspatyamanam has 361 days and 11 ghadias nearly.
Souramanam / sauraman
In bRihatsamhita 60.19 varAhamihira states that sUrya should be worshipped by installing idols of his and they should be worshipped by specialized priests called magAchAryas. This is corroborated by the bhavishya purANa chapter 139 that narrates the following tale (a critical reconstruction of it):
kRishNa, the hero of the yadus married jAMbavati, the daughter of the bear-king jAmbavAn. Their son was the valiant sAmba. He went to the banks of the river chandrabhAga and constructed temple in the honor of sUrya. No local brAhmaNa knew of the mysteries of his worship and hence could not take up priesthood at the temple. So sAMba sought help of gauramukha, the adviser of the yadu chief, ugrasena. gauramukha asked him to go to shakadvipa and obtain a special class of priests called magAchAryas to worship sUrya. saMba said:" pray, tell me Oh brAhmaNa what are the antecedents of these worshippers of the sun. gauramukha narrated: "The first of the brahmins amidst the shakhas was called sujihva. He founded a gotra termed the mihira gotra. He had a daughter of the name nikShubhA. sUrya was enamoured by her and impregnated her. Thus she gave birth to jarashabda who was the founding father of all the magachAryas. They are distinguished by the sacred girdle called the avyanga that they wear around their waist". saMba there upon called on kR^ishNa to send him garuDa and flying on his back he landed in shaka dvIpa. He collected the magAchAryas, brought them back to bhArata and installed them as priests of his sUrya temple.
The Idol of sUrya should be cosntructed thusly: He should have a human form with a solar corona placed behind him. He should be on a chariot with the horses standing for the seven solar rays. He should hold a discus and trident in two arms, and lotuses in the other two. His feet should be covered by boots upto the knees. His waist should bear the avyanga.
This temple on the chandrabhaga was situated in what is now the terrorist state of Pakistan and was demolished by Awrangzeb in the 1600s.
There is considerable epigraphic evidence for the prevalance of the saura sect in India and definitely the cult was very popular at the time shankara bhagavatpAda formalized the six sects of sectarian Hinduism [shaiva, shakta, vaiShNava, gANapatya, kaumAra, saura]. The earliest pieces of evidence clearly support the Iranian connection. The coins of the kushaNas have an image of sUrya with the inscription miiro. The GovindpUr inscription from the 1130s speaks of the magas as being brought to the land by sAmba and 6 great poets who were magAcharyas are mentioned. Mihira Kula, the Hephalite ruler sponsored the construction of another sUrya temple in Gwalior. This suggests that the Iranian influences on the saura sect were continous and over a long period of time. In Rajasthan and Northern Gujarat there were a number of sUrya temples including the well known one at moDherA. These contain idols of suryA with the boots up to the knees clearly implying the Iranian connection. Most of these temples were destroyed in the fine vandalistic traditions of the zealots of Allah. Priests with the sirname maga are seen around the sun-temple in Osian in Rajasthan suggesting that it was probably a famous center of the Iranian sun cults. So it is clear that original home of the magas was indeed in the west and following the devastations of the al-Qaramitah and the Ghaznavids their remnants fled to the east and are now found there. Today the remnants of the magachAryas are the shakadvipI brAhmaNas who are still present in Uttar Pradesh. While they are not accorded the same status as the Arya brAhmaNas, they still observe basic brahminical rites, such upanayanaM and shaucha rules.
Analysis of the names of the queens of the Karkota dynasty of Kashmir shows that there were Iranians amidst them. They seem to have reinforced the saura cult in kAshmIr as evidenced by the mArtANDa temple in kashmir and a kashmirian idol of lalitAditya's time with the classic Iranian dress.
However, it should be noted that the Sun cult also existed in Southern India. In Thanjavur there is the Suryanar temple with absolutely no Iranian influence in the iconography. This suggests that while the idea itself spread widely across India, the priest did not physically move into these regions. I have heard that the sUrya temple in a hill temple complex built in Pune by the Peshwas was also consecrated by maga priests as late as 1750AD however, it is iconographically intermediate between the northern and southern forms. Finally, the sauras also tried to provide a "vedic tinge" for the sect via the composition of the sUryopaniShat and the appropriation of the savitA gAyatrI.
திருவாவடுதுறை ஆதீனத்திற்கு சொந்தமான அருள் மிகு சிவசூர்ய பெருமான் திருக்கோவில் தஞ்சாவூர் திருவிடை மருதூர்-இல் அமைந்துள்ளது. இத் திருக் கோவில் தல வரலாற்று சுருக்க புத்தகம் முன்றாவது பதிப்பு 1999 ஆண்டு வெளியீட்டில் நவகிரஹ தோஷ பரிஹாரம் என்ற தலைப்பில் உள்ள பகுதியில், சூரிய தோஷம் நீங்க " சூரிய பகவானுக்கு ஞாயிற்றுக் கிழமைகளில், அபிஷேகம் செய்வித்து சிவப்பு வஸ்திரம் சிவப்பு மணி, செந்தாமரை என்பவற்றால் அலங்காரம் செய்து, சூரிய மந்திரங்களை ஓதி வெள்ளெருக்கு சமித்தினால் யாகத் தீயை எழுப்பி கோதுமை சர்க்கரை பொங்கலை ஆகுதி பண்ணி தீபாராதனை செய்து அர்ச்சனை செய்து, தூப தீப நைவேத்தியம் கொடுத்து, சௌராஷ்டிரா ராகத்தில் சூரிய கீர்த்தனைகளைப் பாடி பிரார்த்தனை செய்து கொண்டு, கற்பூர ஆரத்தி எடுக்க வேண்டும். இப்படி செய்தால் சூரிய கிரஹ தோஷம் நீங்கும். " என்று குறிப்பிட்டு உள்ளது.
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